Molecular Switches :: essays research papers fc

     We live in the technology age. Nearly everyone in America has a computer or at least access to one. How big are the computers you are used to? Most are ab go forth 7" by 17" by 17". Thats a lot of space. These cumbersome units will soon be replaced by something smaller. Much smaller, were talking about computers based on lone(prenominal) molecules. As far off as this sounds, scientists are already making significant inraods into researching the feasability of this.     Our present technology is composed of solid-state microelectronics based upon semiconductors. In the medieval few years, scientists have made momentus discoveries. These advances were in molecular scale electronics, which is based on the idea that molecules can be made into transistors, diodes, conductors, and other components of microcircuits. (Scientific American) Last July, researchers from Hewlitt-Packard and the University of calcium at Los Angeles announ ced that they had made an electronic switch of a layer of several million molecules and rotaxane.           "Rotaxane is a pseudorotaxane. A pseudorotaxane is a           compound consisting of cyclic moles wander by a linear           molecule. It also has no covalant interaction. In rotaxane,           there are bulky blocking groups at each end of the threaded           molecule." (Scientific American)The researchers colligate many of these switches and came up with a rudimentary AND gate. An AND gate is a device which preforms a basic logic function. As much of an achievement as this was, it was whole a baby step. This million-moleculed switch was too large to be useful and could only be used once.      In 1999, researchers at Yale University created m olecular memory out of just one molecule. This is thought to be the "last step down in size" of technology because smaller units are not economical. The memory was created through with(predicate) a process called "self-assembly". "Self-assembly" is where computer engineers "grow" parts and interconnections with chemicals. (Physics News Update, 1999) This single molecule memory is better than the conventional silicon memory (DRAM) because the it live just about one million times longer.            "With the single molecule memory, all a general-purpose           ultimate molecular computer needs now is a bilateral single           molecule switch," says Reed (the head researcher of the           team.) "I anticipate we will see a demonstration of one very            soon." (Yale, 1999)Reed was correct. deep down a year, Cees Dekker and his colleagues at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands had produced the first single molecule transistor.

Networking :: Free Essay Writer

NetworkingFor my independent study, I concur created a network in my house. A network by definition are more than one computer that are linked together electronically via a protocol (common language) so the computers can communicate and share alternatives. This network improves the periodic life by adding value and usefulness to the computers. The processes and ideas that I have learned thru this be can be applied directly into todays lively electronic business environment. Identifying the needs of the user is the first step for building a well-designed Network. A professional installation was demand to maintain the aesthetics of the rental house. Most of the wires are run in the attic and then down plastic conduit attached to the wall. The conduit is run all the way to the wall boxes where the Ethernet ports are located. each wire is clearly labeled and included in an easy to read formal of the house. This way future tenants will have the ability to utilize the net work. Next, every room needed to have access to the network. In order to minimize the boilersuit use of wires, hubs were placed in strategic locations. An 8-port 10/100-megabit auto-sensing hub is located in the computer room and a 5 port 10-megabit in the sound room. There, needed to be docking stations, so laptop users or visiting computers could easy plug into the network and utilize the pre-existing monitor, keyboard, and mouse. These are the basic needs that have been put into the design of the network.Each computer setup is unique with legitimate strengths and weaknesses. The network takes advantage of the strengths of each separate computer and makes them available to all users. A network essentially expands the capabilities of each computer by increasing functionality thru resource sharing. In the house, there are a total of four computers and two laptops. touch speed and an abundance of ram is not essential for a boniface with such low traffic. Thus the most a ntiquated computer was elected for this function. betwixt all the computers, we have several extra pieces of hardware such as a zip target, CDRW, DVD ROM, scanner, and multiple printers. Each piece of hardware is sprinkle between the computers.There were several immediate efficiencies that occurred when the network went operational. The zip drive is located on the server while the CDRW is located on one of the individual workstations.Networking Free Essay WriterNetworkingFor my independent study, I have created a network in my house. A network by definition are more than one computer that are linked together electronically via a protocol (common language) so the computers can communicate and share resources. This network improves the day-to-day life by adding value and usefulness to the computers. The processes and ideas that I have learned thru this experience can be applied directly into todays rich electronic business environment. Identifying the needs of the user is t he first step for building a well-designed Network. A professional installation was needed to maintain the aesthetics of the rental house. Most of the wires are run in the attic and then down plastic conduit attached to the wall. The conduit is run all the way to the wall boxes where the Ethernet ports are located. Every wire is clearly labeled and included in an easy to read schematic of the house. This way future tenants will have the ability to utilize the network. Next, every room needed to have access to the network. In order to minimize the overall use of wires, hubs were placed in strategic locations. An 8-port 10/100-megabit auto-sensing hub is located in the computer room and a 5 port 10-megabit in the sound room. There, needed to be docking stations, so laptop users or visiting computers could easily plug into the network and utilize the pre-existing monitor, keyboard, and mouse. These are the basic needs that have been put into the design of the network.Each comp uter setup is unique with certain strengths and weaknesses. The network takes advantage of the strengths of each individual computer and makes them available to all users. A network essentially expands the capabilities of each computer by increasing functionality thru resource sharing. In the house, there are a total of four computers and two laptops. Processing speed and an abundance of ram is not essential for a server with such low traffic. Thus the most antiquated computer was elected for this function. Between all the computers, we have several extra pieces of hardware such as a zip drive, CDRW, DVD ROM, scanner, and multiple printers. Each piece of hardware is dispersed between the computers.There were several immediate efficiencies that occurred when the network went operational. The zip drive is located on the server while the CDRW is located on one of the individual workstations.

psycho :: essays research papers

Universal Studios presents the 1960 film Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock, adapted from the Robert Bloch novel by Joseph Stephano, and scored by Bernard Hermann. The film stars Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, Janet Leigh, and a very creepy house. This film falling under the horror genre was based loosely on the novel of the same allude which drew inspiration from real life serial killer Ed Gein, who has been the motivation for two other popular movies, The Silence of the Lambs and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. The compute for Psycho ran under one million dollars and was the last film on Alfred Hitchcocks contract with Universal. The film was shot entirely on set at Universal studios except for an early shot of Marion Cranes (Janet Leigh) vehicle parked on the side of the road when she was too tired to continue driving, as well as the car dealership. Due to the budget constraints the films crew were made up of broadly people who were working on the, Alfred Hitchcock Presents television show . The film is some a man named Norman Bates, who runs a motel owned by his family. Norman is a victim of his ill mothers love. His mother becomes violent when Normans wariness has been detracted from her needs. This film is a study of character, suspense, and storytelling all reasons this film is considered an American classic. This film is unique due to several factors its presentation, it contained two different point of views (with an interpreted third point of view), and it has some of the most impressive camera work for its time.Psycho contains many symbols and techniques that pushed the limit of acceptable filmmaking in the 1960s. The violence had to be tamed in such a way that the audience would not be robbed of the experience. Hitchcock accomplished this by making the film in black and white. Not only did it promote him on the monetary front, but he felt the studio and the audience would be able to handle the graphic nature of the film with this technique. Ive interpreted the use of black and white as a tool as to not draw attention away from the focal point of the scenes. Without visual distraction, the peach becomes more attached to each character. Another visual technique is the continuing motif of taxidermy. The characters discuss it briefly, there are some cutaway shots of the animals, but it is mostly left up to the viewer to infer the purpose of the visuals.

psycho :: essays research papers

Universal Studios presents the 1960 film Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock, adapted from the Robert Bloch novel by Joseph Stephano, and scored by Bernard Her gentlemans gentlemann. The film stars Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, Janet Leigh, and a very creepy house. This film falling low the horror genre was based loosely on the novel of the same name which drew inspiration from real life serial killer Ed Gein, who has been the motivation for two other popular movies, The Silence of the Lambs and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. The budget for Psycho ran under one million dollars and was the last film on Alfred Hitchcocks contract with Universal. The film was shot entirely on set at Universal studios but for an early shot of Marion Cranes (Janet Leigh) vehicle parked on the side of the road when she was too tired to continue driving, as well as the car dealership. Due to the budget constraints the films crew were made up of mostly people who were working on the, Alfred Hitchcock Presents televi sion show. The film is about a man named Norman Bates, who runs a motel owned by his family. Norman is a victim of his ill mothers love. His mother becomes violent when Normans attention has been detracted from her needs. This film is a study of character, suspense, and storytelling all reasons this film is considered an American classic. This film is unique due to several factors its presentation, it contained two different point of views (with an interpreted third point of view), and it has slightly of the most impressive camera work for its time.Psycho contains many symbols and techniques that pushed the limit of acceptable filmmaking in the 1960s. The violence had to be tamed in such a way that the audience would not be robbed of the experience. Hitchcock accomplished this by making the film in drab and white. Not only did it aid him on the monetary front, but he felt the studio and the audience would be able to handle the graphic nature of the film with this technique. Ive i nterpreted the use of black and white as a tool as to not draw attention away from the focal point of the scenes. Without visual distraction, the viewer becomes more accustomed to each character. Another visual technique is the continuing motif of taxidermy. The characters discuss it briefly, there are some cutaway shots of the animals, but it is mostly left up to the viewer to infer the purpose of the visuals.

Mikume

TITANIUM EXTRACTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1. TiO2+Cl2TiCl4+O2 2. Why is an atmosphere of argon used for this reaction ? The titanium (iv) chloride is added to a reactor in which very pure sodium has been heated to about 5500c -everything being under an innert argon atmosphere. During this reaction the temperature increases to about degree Celsius00 c . The reaction is carried out in an argon atmosphere to prevent magnessium and sodium from reacting with oxygen in the air. 3. Another gas used instead of argon. ny of the elements in convocation O of the periodic remit including helium ,neon,krypton,xenon,and radon which are monoatomic and with limited excemptions chemically innert. 4. Why titanium is an expensive metal Titanium is very expensive because it is akward to extract from ore -for specimen rutile,TiO2 . You cannot use carbon reduction Titanium can not be extracted by trim back the ore using carbon as a cheap step-down agent. The problem is that titanium forms a carbide TiC,if it is heated with carbon,so you dont get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide makes the metal very brittle.That means that you charter to use an alternative reducing agent. In the case of titanium,the reducing agent is either sodium or magnessium. Both of these would ofcoarse first have to be extracted from their ores by expensive processes. 5. The atom preservation of the process used to extract titanium. Total hole of reactants =212g Total mass of desired product=22g Atom economy=mass of desired product *100% total mass of reactants 22*100 =10. 774 212 The total economy of the Kroll process is 10. 3774 . 6. The atom economy will be decline since it was carried out in an pattern situationwhere all factors are constant and there is no external interference but in real situation extal forces identical heat loss,temparature,impurities will refer the system hence a lower valueMikumeTITANIUM EXTRACTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1. TiO2+Cl2TiCl4+O2 2. Why is an atmospher e of argon used for this reaction ? The titanium (iv) chloride is added to a reactor in which very pure sodium has been heated to about 5500c -everything being under an innert argon atmosphere. During this reaction the temperature increases to about 10000 c . The reaction is carried out in an argon atmosphere to prevent magnessium and sodium from reacting with oxygen in the air. 3. Another gas used instead of argon. ny of the elements in group O of the periodic table including helium ,neon,krypton,xenon,and radon which are monoatomic and with limited excemptions chemically innert. 4. Why titanium is an expensive metal Titanium is very expensive because it is akward to extract from ore -for example rutile,TiO2 . You cannot use carbon reduction Titanium can not be extracted by reducing the ore using carbon as a cheap reducing agent. The problem is that titanium forms a carbide TiC,if it is heated with carbon,so you dont get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide mak es the metal very brittle.That means that you have to use an alternative reducing agent. In the case of titanium,the reducing agent is either sodium or magnessium. Both of these would ofcoarse first have to be extracted from their ores by expensive processes. 5. The atom economy of the process used to extract titanium. Total mass of reactants =212g Total mass of desired product=22g Atom economy=mass of desired product *100% total mass of reactants 22*100 =10. 774 212 The total economy of the Kroll process is 10. 3774 . 6. The atom economy will be lower since it was carried out in an ideal situationwhere all factors are constant and there is no external interference but in real situation extal forces like heat loss,temparature,impurities will affect the system hence a lower value

Glasser Essay

This would be a clear departure from Freuds lengthy approach where the counselor would interpret the lymph glands tier or aliveness experience. Rogers believed, using empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard people would have the potential given the proper tools to resolve their give birth problems.Rogers identified accurate empathetic understanding as another critical task of therapists. Choice Theory / human race Therapy William Glasser, born May 11, 1925 is an American psychiatrist who developed Choice Theory / Reality Therapy in the early sixties therapies. Choice Theory is an explanation of human behaviour developed by Dr. William Glasser. Reality Therapy is the application of Choice Theory within the context of helping relationships Glasser first developed this approach to use working in schools for troubled adolescents and may rationalize his life-long interest in both therapy and education.In 1985 the Institute of Guidance Counsellors arranged for Dr. Glasser to visit Ireland. By 1987 the Irish branch of the William Glasser Institute was founded and now co-ordinates training passim Ireland. Reality Therapy continues to grow all over the world today. Choice theory rests on an assumption that we are always free to choose. Comparative Analysis The man therapist teaches the client ways to try to control the world around them and how to meet their personal needs. They believe that the client can and go out change their life for the better.The reality therapist focuses on the clients actions and why they act the way they do. They point out what the client doing and in getting them to evaluate it. The belief is that the behavioral or emotional problem is a direct result of the clients feelings about themselves. The therapist will help the client evaluate their behaviors and feelings, to challenge them to accommodate more effective at meeting their needs. With Person-centered therapy the therapist will attempt to move the client tow ards self awareness, helping the client to experience previously denied feelings.They will teach the client to trust themselves and to use this trust to find their direction in life. Person Centered makes the client aware of their problems and then guides them to a subject matter of resolve them. The therapist and client must have faith that the client can and will find direction. The therapist will try to motivate the client in fully experiencing and expressing their feelings. Person-centered therapy believes that good mental health is a balance between the ideal self.

Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain

tally Chain Class Module 2, Lesson 3 Question 1 Develop a small group consensus on the impact ( ontogenesiss, decreases, no effect) of the Bullwhip Effect on two of the following six supply chain cognitive operation measures manufacturing constitute, scrutinise cost, replenishment lead magazine, transportation cost, shipping and receiving cost, level of carrefour availability profitability. One of the two measures that your team chooses must be scrutinize cost. For broth cost, be certain to be specific about the kinds of inventory cost impacted (in-storage cycle stock carrying costs, battle array of magnitude costs, stockout costs, or gumshoe stock carrying costs).Clearly explain your groups reasoning or rationale for the impact you pass water agreed to that is c arfully explain why the bullwhip effect either increases, decreases of has no effect on the given performance measure. In each of your explanations, drill overthrow into the factors that drive each measure, expla ining how those factors are affected by the Bullwhip effect. MANUFACTURING COSTS It is the consensus of Team 10 that the bullwhip effect increases costs associated with the manufacturing of produces.We know that the bullwhip effect results in an amplification of the stochastic variable of proceeds and genuine demand as one travels upstream in the supply chain from consumer to material suppliers. In most cases the manufacturer of products will be removed from the actual consumer by multiple layers in the supply chain. The variation in demand (variation in orders) that the manufacturer will experience will be signifi nominatetly greater than the variation in demand from the actual consumers. There are several costs incurred in the manufacturing of products. Among these costs are direct material costs, direct labor costs and overhead costs.The increased variability in quantity of products demanded from the manufacturer has an impact on each of these items. For most manufactured pro ducts, the cost of materials is a signifi potfult portion of the cost of the end item. As the demand for products varies from the manufacturer, these swings in demand are amplified and passed on to the material suppliers and various other sub-suppliers. During periods of full(prenominal) demand, the manufacturer is more likely to be forced to pay the material suppliers and sub-suppliers additional fees to expedite shipments.During periods of low demand, the manufacturer is more likely to find itself with a huge stock of unused material on hand. These variations besides make it more difficult to negotiate competitive costs with the suppliers, further adding to the cost of the bullwhip effect. In an labour to protect against some of this variation, manufacturers will often stockpile materials, adding further warehousing and capital costs. Labor costs are another key component of the marrow cost of most products, including products which may be manufactured offshore in low-wage co untries.In periods of extremely high demand, manufacturers are faced with an option of either hiring more employees or urinateing their existing employees longer hours and paying overtime. Most companies are extremely reluctant to hire additional workers, dissevericularly if they nominate reason to imagine that the spike in demand will only be temporary. As a result, companies will typically choose to work longer hours and pay overtime wages to their employees. Paying overtime is costly, not only from a wage stand tailor but also from an effectiveness standpoint.Employees are not robots, and diminishing peripheral return should be expected when working employees longer hours. As hours go up, productivity typically declines at a rate that increases as the severity of the work schedule increases. The result is an increasing cost per unit of the products produced. Likewise, when product demand is extremely low, employees are not able to be utilized as effectively and labor cost per unit also increases. Further, there are the overhead costs which are affected by the variation in demand amplified by the bullwhip effect.When manufacturers create facilities and purchase processing equipment, they often size their operations based upon what they believe will be the highest levels of demand for their products. When demand for products varies greatly, the frequent result is that the processes, equipment and facilities are supernumeraryively large (and costly) compared to what the legitimate demand might actually require. This results not only in excessive costs to set up these operations, but it also fecal matter create a scenario where it becomes difficult to operate these facilities efficiently when the production requirements are lower.Another element for consideration is the cost of quality. Manufacturing operations thrive on consistency. When manufacturers have to contend with wildly-varying production schedules, there is an increase in the state of flux in the operations. This can take the form of delayed maintenance on machines, deteriorate workers, using alternate suppliers for materials, etc. All of these elements that are exacerbated by large swings in production schedule can contribute to higher scrap rates, manufacturing errors, equipment downtime and, potentially, product defects that reach the consumer.INVENTORY COSTS Demand variability amplification can have a significant impact on increasing inventory costs. Business Dictionary. com defines inventory costs as the cost of holding goods in stock. Expressed usually as a percentage of the inventory value, it includes capital, warehousing, depreciation, insurance, taxation, obsolescence, and shrinkage costs. Typically, the inventory costs increase due to excessive or obsolete inventory as a result of poor demand forecasting. This situation is clearly defined in an bind about Ciscos take in to write-off $2. billion in inventory in 2001. However, one must dive deeper into spe cific inventory performance measures to better understand the effects of the bullwhip effect on inventory costs. Safety Stock Safety stock can be defined as inventory held as damp against mismatch between forecasted and actual consumption or demand, between expected and actual delivery time, and unforeseen emergencies. From a positive standpoint, preventive stock can help to potentially reduce stock out situations however is also contributes to the bullwhip effect.Specifically with demand forecast updating using exponential smoothing, ordering of safety stock will create larger swings for suppliers and even move for orders placed to the manufacturer (Lee, p 95). Furthermore, poorly ordered safety stock that becomes excess or obsolete can lead to increased expense or in a worst-case scenario, written-off or scrapped completely. Stockout Cost Stockout cost, also called shortage cost, is defined as the economic consequences of not being able to meet an internal or external demand fro m the current inventory. Such costs consist of internal costs (delays, labor time wastage, lost production, etc. and external costs (loss of profit from lost barters, and loss of future profit due to loss of goodwill). One shell of stockout cost can be attributed to poorly updated demand forecast where the appropriate amount of inventory was not planned for the current demand. This is in contrast to the safety stock example which leads to an increase in inventory and excess or obsolete material. Another cause is rationing and shortage gaming where the demand for the product exceeded the supply (Lee, p97). The stockout cost is the expense of the lost sales or the potential of losing the customer loyalty completely to a fierce competitor.Module 2, Lesson 3 Question 2 At the end of the article Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains by Lee, et. al. , is Table 1. In this table Lee presents a number of initiatives, much(prenominal) as vendor-managed inventory, for counteracting the four caus es of the Bullwhip Effect. Select one or more of the initiatives and develop a small group consensus on a list of the top 5 impediments to the initiatives that you have selected five impediments in total, not five impediments for each initiative that you select. Select two impediments and for each impediment please explicitly explain why the impediment is difficult to overcome.Finally in your groups opinion, which of your impediments is typically the most difficult to overcome? Please explain why. BULLWHIP EFFECT COUNTERMEASURES EDI, VMI, ECHELON-BASED INVENTORY SYSTEMS There is a range of initiatives to mitigate the effects of the bullwhip effect, or amplified distortions in replenishing orders. Through EDI and vendor managed inventory (VMI), distortions may be reduced through transparent overlap of real time demand information through the entire supply chain. Demand distortion begins with faulty assumptions underlying future demand projections.One counter-measure for this challe nge is real time fill in of information and increased transparency at point of sale. M either retailers use selective information generated at point of sale to automatically adjust their inventories and start out reorder as inventories are depleted. Simultaneous transmission of this data to the supplier would facilitate a clearer view of consumption and retail inventory. Point of sale EDI overlap across the supply chain from the manufacturer to retail outlet, would smooth the orders and prevent demand distortion that occurs with regression driven forecasts.increase control of the total inventory can be achieved with echelon inventory management, through cooperative information sharing and a jointly agreed upon single point of inventory control. One model for this is vendor-managed inventory (VMI) which is a continuous replenishment of inventory based upon a push from the supply to the retail outlet based on EDI signals at point of sale and inventory depletion. ECHELON-BASED INVEN TORY SYSTEMS Echelon-based inventory systems allow transparency of the inventory flow of the down-stream levels in the supply chain by the upstream levels.This acts to reduce the bullwhip effect by preventing exaggeration of demand fluctuations by multiple levels in the chain. This is a useful policy, but it can be difficult to implement. First, one must consider the impartiality of the source of the information. If an upstream member of the chain intends to rely on reports generated by the downriver member, trust must be a mutual component of the relationship. The downstream company may feel that it doesnt want to share the information about their own inventory and/or demand, especially if it engages (or has any intention of engaging) in a practice of shortage gaming.Some elements of the shared data can be filtered, if this is found to be helpful to the downstream member. If the downstream member engages in price hedging or shortage gaming, the increased transparency to the upstr eam member would inhibit or completely prevent the downstream company from harnessing the perceived buffer that the practice enables. Some elements of the shared data can be filtered, if mutually agreeable to all members of the supply chain. Through non-disclosure agreements and data parsing, streams of proprietary data can be cleansed to be less sensitive.Connectivity of various run systems is another hurdle. Many suppliers and retailers will not allow direct feed of data into their core operating systems, requiring a data merge in a safe environment that then can share data between the operating systems of the companies exchanging data. The work of scour data and developing the necessary connectivity also requires IT resources. One must also consider the utility of information that is constantly changing. The value of inventory data to the upstream member could be limited as it changes continuously and obsolesces almost as soon as its generated.The upstream member must always be willing to loosely interpret the inventory and demand data since an unusually large order, or an unusual decline in orders, could occur at any time. Also, downstream members transparency leads the upstream member to increase the frequency with which they update their demand forecasting. Frequently updating these forecasts is itself a bullwhip effect-exacerbating practice, so the upstream member would need to exercise discretion in its policies on how it reacts to the information that it receives from downstream.Implementation of these initiatives requires addressing and overcoming certain impediments Trust between supply chain partners or perceived competitive risk information integrity challenges with changing/obsolete data Reduced downstream gaming ability (shortage and price hedge forward buying) Information technology resources to facilitate connectivity Increased frequency of upstream re-forecast due to downstream transparency The two most difficult impediments are the first two trust amongst supply chain partners, and the challenges of sharing meaningful data.Trust Perceived Competitive Risk The challenge with establishing trust amongst supply chain partners is one of competitive risk. The real time data on point of sale, inventories held, or pricing activities engaged are all considered proprietary. The sharing of that data requires trust through the entire supply chain, and a willingness to incur significant legal, technological, and uninflected resources to develop and deliver data that is accurate and meaningful.Lack of transparency and trust on the part of down stream members is the primary driver of the shortage and price gaming, to take a leak inventories and prevent stock-outs or hedge for future price increases. In order to share transparent information through the supply chain, legal and technological vault must be addressed to reduce competitive risk, and allow necessary trust through protective agreements (NDA) and safe systems connecti vity. Through non-disclosure agreements and data parsing streams of proprietary data can be cleansed to be less sensitive and reduced competitive risk. ) Data Integrity Changing and Obsolete Information The real time exchange of information supports accurate forecasts and timely order replenishment only if that data is meaningful. Data is meaningful if it clearly conveys the supply/demand picture. Upstream suppliers must be able to see the sale/demand data and existing inventory data in real time in order to push order replenishment. If downstream members obscure the inventories to retain shortage gaming power, this will impact the accuracy of the inventory replenishment trigger to the upstream supplier.Connected systems are susceptible to cross-system failures. fallible data in one system pollutes the forecast assumptions of the connected systems. Cadence of exchange, or timing of the data flows is a factor in relevance. If sales or order cancellations have changed inventories si gnificantly since the last update, the information exchanged can be obsolete. The bullwhip effect is culmination of iterative forecast variations, and self-protecting defensive actions on the part of supply chain members to hedge uncertainty. With increased trust and transparency, the forecast variations and uncertainty can be reduced.With collaboration through the entire supply chain, trust can be built, real time, meaningful data exchanged, and the cost of surplus inventories taken out of the chain. 1 . Comments on Information Distortion in a Supply Chain The Bullwhip Effect by Lee, H. L. Padmanabhan, V. and Whang, S. , p 1888 2 . http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/safety-stock. htmlixzz286djGuPB). 3 . http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/stockout-costs. htmlixzz286iDNySD